Social equity & labour
Glass Ceiling
Definition
The glass ceiling is a metaphor for the unwritten, systemic barrier that blocks women — and by extension minorities — from promotion to managerial and executive positions, even when qualified. Coined by Marilyn Loden at a 1978 Women's Exposition, it describes restriction through accepted norms and implicit bias rather than explicit policy; the US Department of Labor established a Glass Ceiling Commission in 1991.
References
definition, origin, statistics
Overview
What it means
The metaphor captures a pattern visible in aggregate statistics: women approach parity in junior ranks but thin out sharply toward the top — for example, holding roughly 30% of US chief executive positions despite nearly half the labour force. Related metaphors include the glass cliff (women promoted into precarious leadership roles in crises) and the broken rung (the first promotion step where women fall behind).
How it is used
The term anchors diversity targets, board-diversity quotas, pay-transparency rules, and corporate reporting on leadership pipelines in ESG disclosure.
Why it matters
Leadership homogeneity is both an equity failure and a governance issue; the glass ceiling names a barrier that formal equality alone has not removed.