Chapter 06 · Governance & regulationGovernance, Ethics & Risk
Anticipatory governance
Definition
A broad-based capacity within a governance system to actively explore possibilities, experiment and continuously learn. Developed prominently in OECD work on public-sector innovation, it addresses "unknowable" futures — such as climate change or pandemics — that classic, sequential policy steering handles poorly.
References
Definition; uncertainty vs risk; foresight-experimentation link; comparison with traditional policy making; Finland assessment.
Overview
What it means
Traditional policy making assumes problems can be identified, analysed and solved in order; anticipatory governance assumes deep uncertainty and treats policy itself as exploration. It pairs strategic foresight (systematically engaging with alternative futures) with small-scale real-world experiments and feedback loops, so that policy alternatives are tested rather than merely drafted.
Anticipation here means rehearsing possibilities, not predicting the future.
How it is used
Governments apply the model through foresight units, regulatory sandboxes and experimentation portfolios; the OECD assessed Finland's government against an anticipatory innovation governance framework in 2022. The approach is invoked in missions-oriented policy, resilience planning and long-term risk governance.
Why it matters
Sustainability challenges are long-term, systemic and uncertain; institutions built for stable, short-cycle problems systematically under-prepare. Anticipatory governance offers a concrete operating model for acting under uncertainty — complementing, and often paired with, adaptive management.