Governance & Policy
Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework
Definition
The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework is an agreement adopted in 2022 under the Convention on Biological Diversity. It sets four goals for 2050 and twenty-three targets for 2030, including protecting thirty percent of land and sea, restoring degraded ecosystems, halving pollution risks, and mobilising finance for biodiversity in developing countries.
References
Goals, targets and monitoring framework
Implementation context
Overview
What it means
It is the biodiversity equivalent of the Paris Agreement — a shared global target framework translated into national strategies.
How it is used
Governments update national biodiversity strategies against its targets; companies map nature-related disclosure and 30x30 commitments to it.
Why it matters
It anchors corporate nature agendas — TNFD, nature-positive claims and biodiversity finance all reference its targets.
Review questions
What source or framework gives the term authority? What boundary or role is being described? What evidence would a reviewer need before relying on the term?