Chapter 07 · Materials & footprintsCircular Economy & Materials
Deep sea mining
Definition
Deep sea mining is the extraction of mineral deposits from the deep ocean floor, targeting polymetallic nodules, polymetallic sulphides at hydrothermal vents, and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts on seamounts — sources of nickel, copper, cobalt, manganese and rare earths. In "the Area" beyond national jurisdiction (54 per cent of the ocean), the International Seabed Authority under UNCLOS has issued exploration contracts (31 contract areas, about 0.7 per cent of the Area) but no commercial exploitation has yet been approved, as exploitation regulations remain under negotiation.
References
legal framework, resources, exploration status
methods, Clarion-Clipperton Zone, regulation status
US regime (DSHMRA) and ISA role
Overview
What it means
A prospective new frontier of mineral supply pitched against largely unknown but likely severe impacts on ancient, slow-recovering ecosystems.
How it is used
The term anchors debates over critical-minerals supply, the common heritage of humankind principle, moratorium calls by states and companies, and national licensing regimes (e. g. US DSHMRA).
Why it matters
Deep sea mining crystallises the tension between energy-transition mineral demand and ocean protection; its governance is a live test of the precautionary principle.